The Organization of African Unity Now known as African Union Research Paper

The Organization of African Unity Now known as African Union - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: The organizational set up, responsibilities and social services provided by the African Union proves to be successful within the scenario of social work in Africa (special references to the social services provided by African Union in Africa and its involvement in current issues). African Union: Organizational set up   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First of all, almost all the African nations have membership in African Union (AU). For instance, excluding Morocco, present strength of African Union is 53. African Union, a social work organization for creating unity among the African nations was established in the year 2002. Besides, Organisation of Africa Unity (AOU) was the mother organization of AU. Okoth (2006) opines that â€Å"Some of the guiding principles of the AU are similar to those of its predecessor, the OAU† (p. 325). The organizational set up of AU is based on centralization and concentration of power which is fully vested in the center but with equal power to the member states. For instance, the decision making force of AU is the Assembly of the African Union. Badejo (2008) states that â€Å"The AU carries out its business through many organs, agencies, and non-governmental organizations† (p. 39). The secretariat (say, African Union Commission) of AU is in Addis Ababa, which is situated in Ethiopia.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The AU is divided into two bodies: political and administrative.  Ã‚   As pointed out, the decision making process is principally vested upon the Assembly, which consists of members/representatives from member states. The present chairman is Bingu wa Mutharika, who represents Malawi. Besides, the representative body of AU, namely Pan African Parliament includes 265 members. Idriss Ndele Moussa is the present president of Pan African Parliament.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Executive Council’s duty within AU includes the preparation of decisions to be taken by the Assembly. Besides, the Execu tive Council is an important political institution within the AU. The Permanent Representatives Committee, another political institution includes the ambassadors of member states within AU. The Economic, Social, and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC), a consultative body, is under AU. Moreover, the AU Commission, the secretariat or political head is presently chaired by Jean Ping.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The African Union Commission is the most important administrative wing within AU. The other administrative bodies of AU include African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (to resolve human rights issues among the member states), and New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) (aiming to accelerate development of the member states). The Pan-African Parliament is another important governing body which accelerates the smooth functioning of AU as an influential organization. So, one can easily identify that the AU follows the centralized mode of power division. But this centralization of power does not limit the power of the member states because decision making power is solely vested upon the Assembly, which consists of member states. In short, the centralization of power within a single authority and the decision making power vested upon the assembly proves that the same is the best possible way that can be adopted by any social

Jollibee Case Study Essay Example for Free

Jollibee Case Study Essay 1. Introduction Anil K. Gupta and Vijay Govindarajan argue in their article, â€Å"Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations†, that mainly all previous research on strategic control within multinational companies (MNCs) has paid attention to why these choose to go abroad. They instead argue that for successful offshore business, one must understand how communication flows within the different sub-units of the organization. As Jollibee Foods Corporation considers whether they should establish a fourth store in Hong Kong, it faces several challenges. One of the main challenges regards knowledge transfer between its Filipino facilities and the newly established ones abroad. It is therefore relevant to look at the following research question: What consequences does the current â€Å"strategic control over its subsidiaries† have on the knowledge transfer between the Jollibee headquarters on the Philippines and the offshore Jollibee Food plants in Hong Kong? In answering the research question, we will start by explaining the framework of Gupta Govindarajan’s (1991) on different kinds of subsidiaries, with attention paid to knowledge transfer and their related control instruments. Further we will examine what kind of challenges Jollibee Foods Corporation is facing with its expansion to Hong Kong. Finally, the above analysis will provide us with information about the existing opportunities on the Chinese market and will enable us to suggest a reconstruction of the offshore business in Hong Kong to make it more successful. Jollibee meets several tasks in their offshoring project, but due to space limitation there will in this paper only be focus on two selected challenges, the challenges of adjusting to Chinese taste and their management structure. 2. Jollibee Foods Construction and its strategic control over its subsidiary in Hong-Kong Gupta and Govindarajan (1991) proposed that there exists a certain association between different types of subsidiary units and the strategic corporate control of that subsidiary. They defined four ideal types as; Implementor, Global innovator, Integrated Player and Local Innovator, based on the amount of knowledge that flows and the direction of this knowledge, between the subsidiary and the rest of the MNC. Upon Tingzon ´s arrival the main strategy of the offshore business has been â€Å"flag planting†. Flag planting aims at establishing a presence in each market before competitors, and so, emphasizing at implementing customer expectation, influencing taste and building brand (case p. 11). The initial plan in Hong Kong has been to become one of the major players in the market fast. The previous international strategy meant that the subsidiaries in Hong Kong functioned as implementors. An implementor is characterized by a high degree of knowledge inflow from the headquarters but with a low degree of knowledge outflow; hence mainly applying the strategy used in the parent company without any local adaption (Gupta and Govindarajan 1991). Functioning as an implementor has meant that the established Hong Kong stores have not been engaged in any knowledge creation, but simply followed instructions from the Filipino headquarters. Furthermore one can argue that Jollibee’s approach to Hong Kong has been to primarily implement the already existing practices from the Philippines. For example, the menu offered in Hong Kong is almost the same as the Filipino one, knowledge of what to sell has simply been brought in from headquarter (case page. 12) Further evidence arguing for that the Hong Kong subsidiary has been operating like an implementor can be seen in the management transfer of the CEO’s brother-in-law, from the parent company to the Hong Kong subsidiary (case page 12). In addition, the store-level managers were all Filipino while little crew were Chinese and staffing problems consequently grew. To solve the problem the Manila based Franchise Service Manager worked continuously with Hong Kong for more than six months, without success. In 1997 a dispute over discipline between the four Chinese Managers, and the five Filipino Managers, resulted in the Chinese Managers leaving Jollibee with only Filipino crew left (page 12). This points towards the subsidiaries in Hong Kong adapting the characteristic of an implementor, e.g. pure inflow of knowledge from the parent company and little outflow of knowledge from the Hong Kong subsidiary. Furthermore is the overall â€Å"flag planting† strategy of Jollibee very i ndicative of the skewed power balance between Jollibee and its subsidiaries. 3. Organizational Challenges Jollibee experienced the internal challenges of organizational culture clash between its implemented Filipino workers and the Chinese staff. Furthermore the implementation of the international menu was not as successful as expected (case p. 13). The strategy of focusing on Filipino expatriates in new markets, might has helped Jollibee’s entry to the Hong-Kong market, since they already had a distinguished costumer group of Filipinos. But as Tingzon asks in the case â€Å"might we risk boxing ourselves into a Filipino niche that prevents us from growing enough to support operations in each country?† (case p. 11). We found that the expatriate-led strategy have prevented further expansion of the company on the Hong Kong market. This is due to the local knowledge that resides in Chinese workers and managers are not exploited when only employing Filipino managers. As stated above, in the early entry into the Hong Kong market, Jollibee did also employ Chinese managers but due to their sole implementation of inflows from headquarters, clashes arose between the Chinese and the Filipino managers. Furthermore one major challenge to successfully establish a fourth store and gain more market share is to adapt the prevailing menu to the Chinese taste. The main challenge for Jollibee now is how to realize, and best use, the knowledge that resides in Chinese workers. 4. Altering the Strategy for the Hong Kong Subsidiary From the above section we can conclude that there exists several challenges of how the subsidiary in Hong Kong has previously been structured, for example has one of the sub-franchisees tried to suggest changes to the menu. To be able to attract more local costumers he proposed low fat chicken and Chinese tea, as he sensed a demand for these products among the Chinese people (case p. 12). He has tried to implement these changes for several of months but has not yet received a go-ahead from the headquarters. This indicates that Jollibee mainly sees its subsidiaries as implementors, without any outflow of local knowledge to the other subsidiaries. But for Jollibee to succeed in opening a fourth store and increase its market share on the Hong Kong market, reconstruction and adaption to the local market is crucial. The top management saw a high profit potential in Hong Kong, and therefore urged Tingzon to open the fourth store. But as the profit potential is high, the competition in Hong Kong for similar food companies, such as McDonalds, is also very intense. Jollibee Food Construction does not have the competitive advantage of a first mover and is not alone on the market. For example has their main competitor, McDonald’s, both stronger brand recognition in the Hong Kong market and they are stronger financially. Hence Jollibee has to take on a different subsidiary strategy than the â€Å"implementor†, in order to success (Hymer p. 61). With this in mind the strategy of the Hong Kong sub-division can become a successful sub-division if it adapts the characteristics of a local innovator instead of trying to be an implementor, with both low inflow and outflow of knowledge. One main challenge for Jollibee is to attract more local employees and as Gupta and Govindarajan’s proposition 3 states; under norms and administrative rationality will the composition of the top-management for the specific subsidiary consist of mainly locals if the division acts as a local innovator (Gupta and Govindarajan 1991). As an implementor has the possibility for autonomous initiative been low while it as a local innovator exists space to adapt to the local environment, e.g. for Jollibee to take on a more Chinese menu. 5. Conclusion In conclusion, as Jollibee decide whether or not to establish one more store in Hong Kong, they have to look over their strategic control over its subsidiaries. As examined above, the company has mainly viewed their subsidiaries as implementors. We found this international strategy insufficient, and that it hindered them to fully exploit the market potential in Hong Kong. The prevailing challenges for Jollibee now is how to realize and best use the knowledge that resides in Chinese workers. Due to limitations of the paper, it is only a fraction of possible explanations that have been highlighted and these revolve primarily around the importance of increasing the local engagement in the Hong Kong subsidiary, and increase the local innovation towards more local taste. Hence we argue for Jollibee’s subsidiaries in Hong Kong to adapt towards a local innovator role. 6. Bibliography Case: Bartlett, C. A. (2001). Jollibee Foods Corporation (A): International Expansion. Harvard Business School Gupta, A.K.,Govindarajan, V. (1991). Knowledge flows and the structure of control within multinational corporations. Academy of Management, Review 16(4) 768-792 Gupta, A.K., Govindarajan, V. (2000). Knowledge flows within multinational corporations. Strategic Management Journal 21, pp. 473-496. letto-Gilles, G. (2005). â€Å"Hymer ´s seminal work†, in Part III Modern Theories in Transnational Corporations and International Production. Academic Books, Copenhagen Business School. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Schlegelmilch, B., Ambos, B., Chini, T. (2003/4). Are you ready to learn from your offshore affiliates? European Business Forum, 16

Things Fall Apart :: essays research papers fc

In Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart the life of a man named Okonkwo and the tribe of Umuofia is depicted in three chapters which each represent a significant era in the tribe. In the first chapter, Achebe describes the life of the native African tribe before the coming of the white man. This chapter enables the reader to understand and respect the life of the Igbo. The second chapter describes the beginnings of colonialism and introduction of the white man. Suddenly, the Igbo way is questioned. The natives lives are turned upside down as they search for a way to understand the new religion and laws of the Europeans. The third chapter describes the effect of colonialism on the Igbo tribe. This section explores the many ways which the Igbo people try to adapt to the new society. From the suicide of Okonkwo to the abandonment by other tribe members, it becomes apparent how difficult it was for the African’s to adjust to the change. Joseph Conrad’s Heart of D arkness tells of an English man named Marlow and his journey into the Congo and interest in a colonist named Kurtz. Marlow is the narrator of the novel. He describes the natives and the Europeans from a somewhat objective view. He finds colonialism questionable, but also cannot relate to the Africans. Kurtz is the antagonist who exploits the Africans to make money by selling ivory and subsequently goes insane. Both novels depict the colonization of Africa, but each has a markedly different perspective on the African’s lives which were irreparably altered when Europeans came to conquer their land and convert them to Christianity. Conrad’s descriptions of the Africans are inherently racist. The text is full of demeaning descriptions and negative thoughts about the blacks. â€Å"The thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly" (Conrad 32) Conrad refers to the natives as niggers and compares their looks to animals. â€Å"He was there below me, and, upon my word, to look at him was as edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat, walking on his hind legs.† (Conrad 33) These passages and attitudes toward the natives promote the view of the natives during colonialism of Africa in the way that Achebe’s district commissioner sees it, â€Å"He had already chosen the title of the book, after much thought: The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger.

Middle East History Essay

Concerning the security and foreign policy issue, this paper will discuss about the history and politics of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan that experience intertwined since the first two became independent in 1947. In addition, the three countries also have also distinctive relationship with United States. For the reason, this paper will address how India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan define their vital security interests in relation to the other two during the past 59 years, how the each country seek to advance their respective interests vis-a-vis the other two, and how successful or unsuccessful each has been in doing so. Moreover, this paper will also highlight the countries’ policy positions with regards to their relationship with United States within the past 59 years and how their bilateral relations with the United States related to their relations with the other two South Asian states. 2. India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan Over 50 years in the past, India and Pakistan developed into separate countries on August 15, 1947. The frightening murder of half a million peoples and the evacuating of approximately 15 million men, women, and children blemished what should have been a wonderful event. Just a few months previously, a small number of people had ever perceived sound of the word â€Å"Pakistan†, a thought created by some Muslim intellectuals in 1933 who maintained that there were two separate states in India (Riencourt, A. , 2007). The two-nation assumption of the Muslim League was never admitted by the Hindu-dominated Congress Party, which leaders were all for the formation of an integrated and severely worldly India with complete defense for every religious minority and poor exiles. Pakistan turned into a reality in the 1947 and analyzed its bravery almost directly in the first Indo-Pakistani war on Kashmir (Riencourt, A. , 2007). Therefore, in a very short period, the major advantage of British colonialism in the subcontinent-its political agreement-was annihilated. The Western world compensated slight consideration, at the time, to the long-scope geopolitical effects of this growth. At the present, maybe well over three decades afterward, it ought to compensate a expensive price for this carelessness, in the glow of the current occasions in Afghanistan. 3. India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and Definition of their vital security interests In the most common definition, the cold war was political, ideological and economic struggle that emerge between the Soviet Union and the Unites States (and allies) right after the Second World War the struggle occurred between 1947 and 1991. It was called the cold war because real physical confrontation never occurred between the superpower nations. The ‘war’ was happening in the form of arms race (including nuclear weapons), developing military alliances, economic warfare (which involves trade embargos, etc), political propaganda, and intelligence warfare (espionage). There were always risks of full range nuclear war with tremendous casualties; however, the closest event to a war is the Cuban Missile Crisis in the 1962, which ended with US, triumphed over the Soviet Union by means of international diplomacy (Gaddis, 1972). Within the cold war issue, it is reasonable if superpower country like the U. S. worries about the development of countries in Asia that continue advancing power. In addition, security becomes a vital interest of any countries. For example, in the year 2000, United Kingdom faced an issue of security due to a preposition by the United States government, as efforts of addressing security concerns of the 21st century. The US government would like to deploy a National Missile Defense (NMD) which would most likely have a significant impact on strategic stability and UK security (‘The 2000 review’, 2000). Similarly, direct on South Asia has mainly remained on the India-Pakistan opposition and conflicts over Kashmir more than fifty years ago. This facet outshined the consequence of Pakistan-Afghanistan relationships on the security interests of the South-Central Asian area. The past and social aspect of the Afghanistan-Pakistan relationship has been and will continue significant in the developing regional spirits (Riencourt, A. , 2007). Following the ending of the Cold War, this relation turned into a major catalyst of the global terrorist group that found its locus in the area. For the majority of Pakistan’s impartial history, relationships with Afghanistan have been difficult and have been distinguished by continuing reciprocal doubt that sometimes revealed in rules of intervention and even efforts at deterioration (Riencourt, A. , 2007). Positioned at the convergence of big mountains and through a chaotic history, the Pakistan-Afghanistan area was once denoted as the â€Å"fight arena of Asia†. Natural features have positioned the area at the junction of international and regional political affairs, strategic and especially financial interests, as a possible channel for energy ways (Riencourt, A. , 2007). The political environment of the area has changed considerably since the proceedings of September 11, 2001. Afghanistan and Pakistan have since gone back to the normal of the global system. However, cynicism and apprehension of rehabilitated conflict amid them continues and they refresh bilateral relationships through wary hopefulness (â€Å"PAKISTAN†, 2006). In due course, India, Pakistan, and the United States ought to think about a cooperative Provisional Reconstruction Team in the northwest of Afghanistan, further than the Pakistan boundary. All these attempts are going to be time-consuming received. However, unless an approach to alleviate the fundamental Pakistan-India conflict in Afghanistan is established, the state will remain to be an arena for this chiefly undeclared fighting. The advantages of making collaboration and confide in Afghanistan will aid forward the broader India-Pakistan tension and improve security around the area (â€Å"PAKISTAN†, 2006). In its security scheming, Pakistan identifies India looking for a tactical covering, a rule of influencing occasions in Afghanistan and Iran to bring out anti-Pakistan reactions to produce political and security troubles for Pakistan. Military policy currently particularly in the nuclear circumstance has transformed the situation and the notions of combat fighting. At greatest, Pakistan possibly will find a sociable Afghanistan presenting a tactical relief zone for restricted logistic nourishment and endorsement in the occasion of upcoming fighting with India (â€Å"Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate†, 2006). 4. Respective interests among India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan There is abundance to be cynical about the recent ‘concord’ progression amid Pakistan and India. The direct desires following this concord process are none too heartening. Specifically, the military-led government in Islamabad is in great force from its U. S. supporters to accept a collaborative position vis-a-vis the giant eastern neighbor. As you would have thought, the Pakistani military is a communal participant with a record and culture of hostility in the direction of India. Several peace-process idealists say that it is for this very motive that the military is the most dependable bringer of peace. Fragile national leaders cannot create believable guarantees and continue to exist (â€Å"PAKISTAN†, 2006). At all normalization process would weaken the political legality of the armed forces as an unit, accordingly giving augmentation to challenges to its assertions on the state’s financial resources. These assertions would not be restricted to the community reward, although that is significant. They would expand to the military’s great and increasing business territory, covering segments for example manufacturing, economics, property enlargement, shipment, air travel, and farming (â€Å"PAKISTAN†, 2006). Pakistan’s military founding, the state’s most influential political attention group, maintains to consider India as an existing hazard. The U. S. might depart Pakistan to its own ways, its purposes might be restrained, there might be a government failure in Afghanistan, or a government transform in Washington DC. American motivation to support the Pakistani military moderates the latter from financial requirements and political voters for peace making (Riencourt, A. , 2007). The Pakistan-India boundary is forced to be infringed, for the financial necessities are just too overpowering. The increasing amount of lawful and recognized business amid the two countries, as well as approximates of unlawful and unrecognized business, confirms to this predictability. The two economies are not merely geographical neighbors. They work at equal levels of knowledge, and divide comparable levels of buying power, flavors, and favorites. They are genuine candidates for market incorporation (Riencourt, A. , 2007). India and Pakistan are increasing their financial systems with the intention of struggle in international markets. They run in greatly aggressive zones where market share relies on small dissimilarities in border. The lagging of the two financial systems places tensions, occasionally intolerable ones, on national customers and producers in a similar way. Pakistani producers have been converted into powerful supporters of the import of cheaper Indian capital assets and underdone materials. Main upcoming investments in the energy area, and therefore in every other area, depend on political collaboration amid the two states. Although the U. S. obstructs the Iran-Pakistan-India gas channel, an option for example the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India gas route is feasible as long as the Pakistan-India part remains integral as well (â€Å"Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate†, 2006). 5. The policy positions the three countries took toward the United States and the bilateral relations with the United States In India’s circumstances, the behavior of cooperation with Washington have been belatedly in developing and have yet to attain the levels occasionally documented in the history of U. S. and Pakistan relationships. Trade and industry, however, binds amid India and the U. S. have extended outstandingly in current years and an epidemic of combined military completions and artillery agreements among them give assurance of developing into a qualitatively new type of tactical corporation (â€Å"U. S. Policy Toward India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan†, 2003). For one point, Pakistan’s nuclear controlling and selling in the previous some years has stimulated considerable concern in the U. S. in excess of the security of Islamabad’s nuclear weapons course. Pakistan’s unsteady promise to self-governing regulation is also difficult for Washington, and the Indian and Pakistani governments have conditions, to this point mainly subdued publicly, on the subject of Washington’s Iraq strategy. More than the long-standing, both governments stay intensely apprehensive of Washington’s purposes, particularly of its readiness and capability to uphold recent promises (Rauf, T. , 2001). Preserving welcoming binds with the U. S. continues a subject of greatest significance to both India and Pakistan. Therefore, appeasing the U. S. , preventing acts that might disturb the intrinsically fragile trilateral agreement in position at present, obviously considers in computations completed concerning their relations with the other. This noticeably provides Washington surprising advantage, comprising several abilities for soothing and even changeing India-Pakistan relationships. When forceful national interests are in the balance, on the other hand, Washington’s advantage is probable to show somewhat not real (â€Å"U. S. Policy Toward India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan†, 2003). 6. Conclusion Pakistan and Afghanistan have had mainly opposed relationships beneath all governments except the Taliban, since Pakistan was built as constituent of the separation of India in 1947. Several parts of disagreement were also taken over from tensions amid Afghanistan and India when it was in British colonial regulation. Afghanistan’s governments, together with that of the Taliban, have never identified the Durand Line amid the two countries as a global boundary and have created assertions on the Pashtun and Baluch areas of Pakistan. Today’s cross-border rebellions, with their refuges and encourage networks in Pakistan, are cultivated by the similar sources as earlier tensions, as well as worldwide Islamist movements (â€Å"Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate†, 2006). A progression must work in the direction of restructurings in the FATA of Pakistan. The U. S. , NATO, and the UN should have the same opinion to send a general note to Islamabad: that the perseverance of Taliban refuges in Pakistan is a danger to global peace and safety that Pakistan has to deal with instantly. In addition, they should concur to advise Afghanistan and India to accomplish all in their authority to support Pakistan to create hard decisions by forwarding sources of Pakistani diffidence, as well as problems with reference to the boundary area and Kashmir. They are supposed to aggressively endorse this progression and take action as backers and funders of every agreement that generate from it (Riencourt, A. , 2007). On condition that India and Pakistan continue antagonistic to each other, Afghanistan is deliberately significant to both. It is very important to Pakistan that it not have unsociable authorities on its east and west boundaries, while from India’s viewpoint, Afghanistan would present excellent strategic moorland to press Pakistan. Reasonably, as well, Afghanistan possesses great assurance. Last year, The U. S. joined Afghanistan and Pakistan mutually in the course of the formation of Reconstruction Opportunity Zones that would get U. S. tax exceptions (â€Å"PAKISTAN†, 2006). Moreover, Afghanistan is a solution to the business ways and energy channels of Central Asia. Therefore, if the U. S. is going to overturn this miserable weakening in Afghanistan, it will require the encouragement of both India and Pakistan. These two big states are supposed to be taught from the past mistakes, combating over Afghanistan is not the way out. The losses are too large.Washington and Kabul have to seek methods to invest both states in aiding to build Afghanistan an accomplishment (â€Å"PAKISTAN†, 2006). Reference: â€Å"Effects on Trends in Trade Policy from 1850-1914. † GradeSaver. Retrieved August 28, 2007 from http://www. gradesaver. com/search Gaddis, John Lewis. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War 1941–1947. Columbia University Press, 1972 House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, Eighth Report, Weapons of Mass Destruction, Session 1999-2000, HC 407, The Stationery Office, 25th July 2000, paragraph 40 Krugman, Paul R. , and Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics: Theory and Policy. Addison-Wesley, 1997 Lipschutz. Ronnie D. â€Å"Seeking a State of One’s Own: An Analytical Framework for Assessing `Ethnic and Sectarian Conflict. † 1998. pp. 44-77, in: Beverly Crawford & Ronnie D. Lipschutz (eds. ), The myth of â€Å"ethnic conflict†: politics, economics, and â€Å"cultural† violence (Berkeley: Institute of International & Area Studies, UC-Berkeley). at: http://escholarship. cdlib. org/ias/crawford/crawford02. html †PAKISTAN. † 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2007 from http://www. angelfire. com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/asia/pakistan. html Rauf, T. â€Å"United States Seeks Pakistan’s Assistance. † 2001. Retrieved August 28, 2007 from http://cns. miis. edu/research/wtc01/pak. htm â€Å"Resolving the Pakistan-Afghanistan Stalemate. † 2006. Retrieved August 28, 2007 from http://www. usip. org/pubs/specialreports/sr176. pdf Riencourt, A. â€Å"India and Pakistan in the Shadow of Afghanistan. † 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007 from http://www. foreignaffairs. org/19821201faessay8309/amaury-de-riencourt/india-and-pakistan-in-the-shadow-of-afghanistan. html

Improving Study Habits Essay

â€Å"The greatest time saver is being organized. Establish routines that go like clockwork.† Maximizing time makes an individual productive. Personal time management is organizing and managing according to personal priorities, to get where one wants to go. Those who use this technique are the highest achievers in all walks of life. The interesting and essential step in beginning to manage time more effectively is to identify how time is being spent, because only through examining, one can begin to set priorities, eliminate time barriers and aids to better time management. In the course of Bachelor of Science in Psychology, students need to learn many skills that are needed in practicing the actual profession. Psychology students have so many academic requirements to prioritize, but they also have extra-curricular that are important as well, and they always need to cope with time pressure. College is an entirely different situation than high school. Classes consist of far fewer grades, but they are worth it when you are done. Do not tell yourself, â€Å"I’ll read the assignment later,† because often times you merely end up cramming right before the test; research indicates that cramming is not the best (nor is it the worst) method of studying. At first, different factors can affect the academic performance of a students in order to achieve success, going through the steps are necessary. It should provide time for students to review activities and prevent too many errors that results to unaccomplished tasks or tasks that are accomplished, but after several attempts to do so. It reduces avoidance and welcomes other opportunities that could help in preparing for other tasks. This study will contribute to the perception of the future psychology students in prioritizing the academic activities and requirements in terms of importance and urgency. The researchers conducted a survey regarding the said topic at Centro Escolar University among the second year psychology students. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the study habits and the effects to academic performance on psychology students’ particularly in the second year level. Habits (or wonts) are routines of behavior that are repeated regularly and tend to occur subconsciously or â€Å"A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience.† As behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context. Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack of awareness, unintentionally, and uncontrollability. And a bad habit is an undesirable behavior pattern. Anyone interested in getting better results, becoming more productive and ultimately more successful should probably take an honest look at the problem of procrastination. Most people think procrastination is just an issue that involves putting things off that can be done later without much of a penalty. But if procrastination will become your habit especially in your study what would be the effect of it in your academic performances? Statement of the problem. 1. What are the bad habits/behavior/attitude toward the respondent’s subjects? Ans. Gagawin pa yang sentence. Lack of interest in the subject area, Unable to set priorities (extra curricular activities, entertainment, etc.), Lack of prerequisites for success in the current subject area, Unstable home life ability to concentrate, lack of interest or motivation to succeed, procrastinating, habitual lateness, overextension, Inability to Prioritize, Negative Mindset and Fear of Failure 2. Does the negative attitudes and habits of psychology students affect their academic performances? 3. The reasons why they act/behave that way. Gagamitan naten to ng theories ha :†) at d pa to tapos. Lack of Focus, Family problems, social lives (including texting, IM’ing, etc.), outside distractions (phone, music, TV),

Telecom act of 1996 essays

Telecom act of 1996 essays In an attempt to take control of telecommunication technology, congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This massive act comprehensively addresses virtually every current aspect of telecommunications. It is the first major telecommunications legislation enacted since the Communications Act of 1934, which essentially established the air waves as public property, regulated by the government. Major provisions in the media include major restructuring of the telephone industry, deregulation of the cable industry, and limitations in content of broadcast and network media. In the Bell breakup of 1984, the seven regional bells were now able to compete in the long distance arena. Long distance companies may now offer local service. There are no more prohibitions on cross-ownership in the telephone or cable industries. In fact, phone companies may now offer cable service and cable companies may offer telephone service. While much of the bills spirit is that of deregulation, some of the Act imposes strict new regulation. Chief among these is the Communications Decency Act, which is embedded in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This is, by far, the most controversial and disputed portion of the Telecom Act. The Communications Decency Act, which is aimed at the internet, imposes stiff criminal penalties for any person who transmits obscene materials over a computer network. The American Civil Liberties Union, upon passage of the Act, promptly filed an injunction in the United States District Court in Pennsylvania. The ACLU contended that indecent material was constitutionally protected under the first amendment and that any regulation thereof was forbidden. The future of the Communications Decency Act looks shaky. Unless it is rewritten with the questioned portions repealed, it is unlikely to survive in this day and age. In the telephone industry, The Act permits Bell Opera ...

A Democrat for Democracy essays

A Democrat for Democracy essays With the poor condition America is facing at the moment, one of the only solutions to the problem of our slipping economy is to elect a different president than the one we have now. A reasonable question that might come to mind is: Who has a good shot at actually winning the vote in the upcoming election? The only other party that has a chance in contending for the White House is the democratic party. The caucuses are over and the democrats elected John Kerry as their nomination. Kerry is an accredited war veteran with views that differ from the current administration. The views Kerry has on Americas security, terrorism, or education could change America into the country it once was. One of the most important issues in the debates yet to come is Americas security. With the reckless foreign policy the Bush Administration has pursued in the last two years, something needs to be done to rebuild Americas security on an international level. In his first one hundred days in office, John Kerry will send a message to the world that the United States has rejoined the community of nations, reaching out to strengthen relationships with NATO, old allies and new partners to create a new global coalition to fight terrorism (Vision 2). Rejoining the world community is clearly first on John Kerrys agenda. America cannot win the war on terrorism by itself. Re-establishing diplomatic relations with the United Nations and the countries America has turned its back on is a giant step in the right direction to secure our country and to help fight terrorism. Terrorism is another key issue that will come into play in the campaign. The idea of terrorism was on the mind of John Kerry before the tragic events of September 11, 2001, and this shows that John Kerry knows what is number one on the list of Americas priorities. When Kerry e ...

7 Good Reasons to Leave a Job

7 Good Reasons to Leave a Job You’ve worked incredibly hard to get where you are. You’ve secured a position you’re sure you should feel incredibly grateful to be in. But what if you’re not happy? What if you’re not where you’re supposed to be? Is it time to leave? While there are a number of risks associated with cutting your losses, particularly if you’re more established in your career and job hopping remains a stigma in your field, there are a number of good reasons why you should push through and make a change.1. You’re not getting paid what you are worth.If you find out that you’re making less than the market rate and then find out that your boss won’t budge with your salary. Money isn’t the only factor in keeping a job. It’s not the only thing that matters when it comes to career fulfillment, but sometimes it should be taken into serious consideration. Especially if it means you aren’t being valued as you should.2. Yo ur health is suffering.If your job is causing so much stress that it’s affecting your health, then it’s almost certainly time to back away. The connection between stress and physical health is a real one and risking your body is not worth the risk.3. There’s nowhere to grow.You’ve been in the same place for a long time, jobwise. Other people have been promoted around you or have moved onto better things. You really love your job, but you have to think about your future. If you’ve been stuck in your position for years and there’s no room above you to grow? Go somewhere else.4. It’s shady.If you’re being treated unfairly or can see someone being treated unfairly, or perhaps you’ve noticed unethical or illegal dealings†¦ any one of these things should be grounds for your red flags to fly.5. Your boss doesn’t have your back.You’re not supported. You’re not encouraged. And when the stuff hits the fan , your boss is just not in your corner. It’s important to have a boss who challenges and nurtures you, who helps you to grow your skills and achieve more. If you don’t have that, it might be worth looking around until you find it.6. You have no security.You feel like you’re always waiting for the axe to fall or the other shoe to drop. There are layoffs or changes all the time. Your position continues to morph in ways that don’t make sense or fulfill you. And whenever you ask for answers, none are forthcoming. If you feel insecure or in the dark, it might be time to move on.7. You just don’t care.You know when you’ve mentally checked out and are no longer trying or caring. If you’ve gotten to that point it’s time to do some serious soul-searching. Either figure out how to get your head back in the game or figure out how to get out of your dead end job.

'Students' learning and achievement increase substantially when Dissertation

'Students' learning and achievement increase substantially when teachers work in learning communities supported by school le - Dissertation Example In this assignment, I look forward to discussing how crucial collaborating with the other colleagues is in order to bring about a drastic change in the teaching and the development of the teaching resources. For a clear sense of understanding, this assignment is divided into the following sections. Firstly, I’ve tried to point out the various benefits and challenges that were presented to me during the course of my collaboration with the other professionals. Secondly, I’ve tried to point out how my planning abilities were strengthened by my on-going communication with these professionals, and how it helped me with my teaching. Lastly, I’ve discussed how this collaboration has benefitted my students and their learning abilities. In recent years, the shift from a perception of the teachers as solely responsible for educational outcomes to the perception of education as a process that includes collaboration colleagues (teachers and support staff) and other professio nals e.g. a speech and language therapist, etc. has change the way we think about team dimension and working with our colleagues. Team-work is highly important for the success of any activity. Be it a workplace, a football field, or the members of a certain community, teamwork can bring forth amazing results. However, working together as a part of the team is not always as easy as it sounds. Although the benefits that you can derive from the successful implementation are immense, it also requires a great deal of compromise as well as hard work. (Woloch, 2008) There are several ways in which professionals today work together within schools for e.g. in middle schools across the globe teachers usually collaborate in an informal way all the time. These interactions help build up more formal modes of professional collaboration which are directed towards improving teaching and learning. These collaborations are very important for effective learning in any educational institution because t he sum of parts is better than the parts itself. (Wheelock, 2000) Many schools are encouraging teacher collaboration. For example, peer coaching (Joyce & Showers, 1988) and interdisciplinary curriculum development (Brandt, 1991) are premised on teachers' collaborative relationships, as are current trends in the design and delivery of professional development programs (Barth, 1990). Many aspects of currently recommended school reforms call for greater collaboration among teachers (Goodlad, 1984). The trend toward school-based decision making is also consonant with the recognition that collaboration is becoming an essential ingredient in successful schools. Smith and Scott (1990) have asserted that the collaborative school is easier to describe than define. In my opinion, in order to educate children successfully it is very important to clearify your role in the process of collaboration, and also respect the roles of the others. This is important in order to use our input and knowledg e for the purpose of delivering the best quality of education to the children. This is the best gift that you can give to any child: quality education. As in the immortal words of Aristotle, ‘Those who educate children well are more to be honoured than parents, for these only gave life, those the art of living well.’ Hindrances in collaboration: The two major barriers that I

Part (a) Outline the argument that there is increasing uncertainty Essay

Part (a) Outline the argument that there is increasing uncertainty about identity in contemporary society. Part (b) How much control do we have in shaping our o - Essay Example This helps to send signals to others how we want to be seen as. A document like a passport signifies that you belong to a particular nation, even though the physical appearance may have changed over a period of years. Identities are formed depending upon how I see me and how others see me. Identities are the product of the society in which we live and how we relate to others. Conflicting and multiple identities also develop when the same person exhibits different characteristics or attributes as a parent, husband, or an employee at different times, in different situations. There is also a connection between how I want to be and the influences, pressures, and oppurtunities around that affect me. Conflicting identity can also arise when how I see myself differs from how others see me. The organization of society is important in shaping our identity. Louis Althusser emphasizes that interpellation links the individual to the social. Interpellation is a process in which the people recognize themselves in a particular identity, for instance, people identify themselves as ‘that’ when they see a particular advertisement. Social scientists relate work based identities to class. A class is a group of people who share common interest, experiences, and lifestyles. Different economic systems create different social groups, which involves some degree of inequality. The unequal distribution of materials creates different social class. Gender relations are another source of inequality. Men are considered the breadwinner and women’s identity is merely an extension of their role as wives, homemakers, and mothers. Hence, distribution of work between men and women also carries these marks and identities. Young children need to know whether they are boy or girl. Gender identity is constructed not just through the biological body but also through the social and cultural classification system. Social class provides a sense of belonging and

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics - Essay Example The political parties in most of the economies try to enhance the lifestyle of the individuals through economic growth and income redistribution in the market. Redistribution of income and raising the standard of living in society are mutually exclusive goals of the government. Figure 1: Economic Growth (Source: Scully, â€Å"Economic Freedom and the Trade-off between Inequality and Growth†) The economic freedom of a country is directly proportional to the level of economic growth in it. Figure 2: Income Inequality (Source: Scully, â€Å"Economic Freedom and the Trade-off between Inequality and Growth†) On the other hand, the level of income inequality is desired to fall with the rise in the level of economic freedom and hence, economic growth. However, there is a strong debate regarding the relationship between income inequality and income growth. Economic Inequality is the discrimination among individuals in terms of income or wealth. It basically elaborates the diffe rences among the individuals of a society in terms of their income, wealth and assets. Income Inequality can either be absolute or relative. Absolute income is the gross income received by the individuals. John Maynard Keynes states that the consumption expenditures of individuals are estimated on the basis of absolute income. Thus, absolute income inequality is the income inequality that denotes the differences in gross income thresholds of the individuals. James Duesenberry claimed that savings and consumption spending decisions of the individuals do not depend on the level of absolute income. Instead, it depends on the relative income level. The savings and consumption expenditures of the individuals are made by them after analyzing their position of income relative to others. Relative income inequality would occur when the absolute income levels would be unevenly distributed in an economy (NBER). Among all the methods, the most important method of measuring income inequality is Gini Coefficient measurement method. This measure estimates the statistical dispersion of income distribution of a nation. The value of income inequality on the basis of a frequency distribution is given by the Gini Coefficient. The value of this index lies from 0 to 1. Where, 0 indicates a situation of perfect income equality and 1 indicates a situation of perfect inequality of income. The diagrammatical representation of a Gini Coefficient is provided is a Lorenz Curve. Figure 3: Lorenze Curve Perfect Income Equality Line Income Inequality Cumulative % of Income Lorenze Curve Cumulative % of Population (Source: Authors Creation) The above graph is of a Lorenze curve (the convex curve). The distance between the perfect income equality line and the Lorenz curve measures the degree of income inequality. Therefore, greater the distance, greater is the level of inequality. The above coefficient is calculated by: It is believed that a greater extent of inequality in income in a nation i mplies the concentration of economic power in the hands of a small group of individuals. In such a situation, the producers in the market get tempted to allocate resources to luxuries and comfort products, instead of basic necessities. The lack of basic necessit

The Effects of Brand Management (Global and Domestic) on the Internet Research Paper

The Effects of Brand Management (Global and Domestic) on the Internet - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that the activity of brand management is equally important for both domestic and global brands as the prime objective of every organization, whether operating nationally or internationally, is similar, i.e. to increase profit margin through sales. Hence, in order to fulfill this aim, every organization attempts to offer high concentration over the concept of branding of products. Branding also improves the position of a particular product thereby improving its sustainability in future times. Besides, in this era of modernization and industrialization, the process of brand management, both in case of domestic and global concept, has developed as quite easier being restructured. Majorly, this is due to emergence of Information Technology (IT) which has eased the process of marketing of the products and /or services. Moreover, introduction of IT enhanced the passion of the Internet which offered a considerable impact on brand management in today’s context. Hence, it can be affirmed that introduction of Internet services has not only augmented the brand portfolio of business concerns but has also alleviated the efficiency of a product both in domestic and global scenario. Riezebos, Rizebos, Kist, and Kootstra describe brand management as the process which offers a detailed perception about a particular brand of an enterprise. Brand management is an art of performing various research processes in order to introduce inventive features in the brand. The main objective behind this type of procedure is to offer innovative products along with modern facets and thus retain its position in this competitive market. In addition, with the help of branding, brand equity along with customer tastes and preferences can also be analyzed in an effective way. This facilitates in improving both the tangible and intangible aspects of a brand, which enhances its stability and consistency in the market. Thus, branding is mainly important in order to provide the message to the targeted customers regarding a particular brand. This would at large enhance loyalty and help to establish an emotional relationship

Thoughts and Experiences of a Travelling Tourist Essay

Thoughts and Experiences of a Travelling Tourist - Essay Example When we talk about the â€Å"Arabian Gulf† for example, Qatar, Kuwait, and Dubai, they almost share the same culture, religion, and language. People can find the hospitality in those countries that they never saw it before because it is a part of their culture. Arabian Gulf countries always attract people who search for summer activities like adventure, hunting, diving, luxurious hotels, traditional food, and so many other things. Furthermore, turrets always change their mind about those countries if they have misunderstood about Arab, Islam, or the Middle East in general. Middle East countries have been known to the world as dangerous countries because of the media and news, which have biased views. However, we sometimes need to see thing closely (Harrison 34). On the other hand, countries always share something together, which makes one say: it is really a small world. For example, when I went to Egypt I found that they share languages with other countries, with some of speaking Arabic, English, or even French. Egypt was really different country than all countries I’ve visited before, however. The people there are always happy and want to have fun and celebrate most of the time. They are willing to help others, especially tourists. We should not also forget the important things that make Egypt an attractive destination in Africa, which is Phrenic ancient, Nile River, museums, and the different cities like, Sharm Alshiekh, which is an awesome small city on the beach, located on the border of Israel. I also took a trip to Paris, arriving at Beauvais Airport outside the city. Thankfully, the airport offered shuttle services to take travelers to the city center, which depart every twenty minutes after the flight. I used the metro to commute around the city since it was cheaper, although sometimes I preferred to use the hop on or hop off tourist buses in the city.  

Testing of biomolecules Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Testing of biomolecules - Lab Report Example This research will begin with the statement that biomolecules are molecules that are produced by living organisms and which play certain roles in the life of the organism. They include proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids and lipids. Â  The knowledge of the organic molecules forms the basis in the study of biochemistry and medical sciences together with understanding how the body works. The body has a mechanism for ensuring that the molecules are regulated in the body and any deficiency is detected through various clinical manifestations. Some of the biomolecules are synthesized in the body while others are acquired through the food that we eat. For instance, when we come to amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins, they are divided into essential and non-essential ones. The essential ones are not synthesized in the body and so the body has to get them from the environment through the food that we eat. The various biomolecules play different roles in our bodies. T he carbohydrates serve as the primary source of energy. They are divided into three groups, the monosaccharaides which are the simple sugars, the disaccharides which are formed by the dehydration process when two monosaccharide molecules are brought together. An example is the formation of lactose from glucose and galactose. Proteins are important in growth and repair. They also form the enzymes and hormones which are important in various catalytic metabolic processes in the body.

Thoughts and Experiences of a Travelling Tourist Essay

Thoughts and Experiences of a Travelling Tourist - Essay Example When we talk about the â€Å"Arabian Gulf† for example, Qatar, Kuwait, and Dubai, they almost share the same culture, religion, and language. People can find the hospitality in those countries that they never saw it before because it is a part of their culture. Arabian Gulf countries always attract people who search for summer activities like adventure, hunting, diving, luxurious hotels, traditional food, and so many other things. Furthermore, turrets always change their mind about those countries if they have misunderstood about Arab, Islam, or the Middle East in general. Middle East countries have been known to the world as dangerous countries because of the media and news, which have biased views. However, we sometimes need to see thing closely (Harrison 34). On the other hand, countries always share something together, which makes one say: it is really a small world. For example, when I went to Egypt I found that they share languages with other countries, with some of speaking Arabic, English, or even French. Egypt was really different country than all countries I’ve visited before, however. The people there are always happy and want to have fun and celebrate most of the time. They are willing to help others, especially tourists. We should not also forget the important things that make Egypt an attractive destination in Africa, which is Phrenic ancient, Nile River, museums, and the different cities like, Sharm Alshiekh, which is an awesome small city on the beach, located on the border of Israel. I also took a trip to Paris, arriving at Beauvais Airport outside the city. Thankfully, the airport offered shuttle services to take travelers to the city center, which depart every twenty minutes after the flight. I used the metro to commute around the city since it was cheaper, although sometimes I preferred to use the hop on or hop off tourist buses in the city.  

Intercultural communication (Porter, Samovar, and Penington) Essay

Intercultural communication (Porter, Samovar, and Penington) - Essay Example It was a friendly dig at each other's culture. Culture is the way we live, the air we breathe, the thoughts we think, the clothes we put on, the glasses we wear and look through (Monippally 2001, p 44-45). Culture is what shapes our perception. It is defined as the complex system of values, traits, morals and customs shared by a society. From 1967 to 1973, while working at IBM as a psychologist, collected and analyzed data from over 100,000 individuals from 50 countries and 3 regions. From the initial results, Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions to assist in differentiating cultures: Power Distance1, Individualism2, Masculinity3 and Uncertainty Avoidance4. Hofstede added a fifth Dimension after conducting an additional international study with a survey instrument developed with Chinese employees and managers. That dimension, based on Confucian dynamism, is Long-Term Orientation5 and was applied to 23 countries. These five Hofstede Dimensions can also be found to correlate with other country (See figure 1) and cultural paradigms (Geert Hofstede, 2003). people communicate varies widely between, and even within, cultures. One aspect of communication style is language usage. Across cultures, some words and phrases are used in different ways. For example, even in countries that share the English language, the meaning of "yes" varies from "maybe, I'll consider it" to "definitely so," with many shades in between. Another major aspect of communication style is the degree of importance given to non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes not only facial expressions and gestures; it also involves seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time. In addition, different norms regarding the appropriate degree of assertiveness in communicating can add to cultural misunderstandings. For instance, some white Americans typically consider raised voices to be a sign that a fight has begun, while some black, Jewish and Italian Americans often feel that an increase in volume is a sign of an exciting conversation among friend s. Thus, some white Americans may react with greater alarm to a loud discussion than would members of some American ethnic or non-white racial groups. 2. Different Attitudes Towards Conflict: Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the U.S., conflict is not usually desirable; but people often are encouraged to

Arts and pornography Essay Example for Free

Arts and pornography Essay ?No-one ever asks When does art become realistic? , or When does art become abstract? , or When does art become literary? , although questions like these make as much sense because art can be all or any of these things. This is because we can usually distinguish an abstract work from a realistic or literary one, whereas what pornography is, is unclear in the minds of most people. Pornography derives from two Greek words: porne, which means harlot, and graphos, which refers to writing; however, we use the term today to describe much more than stories about prostitutes. And when we use it, it is as more than the definition of a class of writing and visual art: it has an ethical (usually pejorative) connotation also. And, like most ethical and aesthetic terms, its use is intensely personal. Just as beautiful really means no more than I like it (although I cannot clearly explain why), pornographic means I find this offensive (although I cannot really explain why). There is no generally agreed meaning for either of these terms which bedevils our discussion of both. Art exists in many different forms. Sculpture, paintings, graphics, drawings and such are part of the visual art. Dance, film, music and theater, as well as literature, are also forms of art. Throughout the years, art has, in all of its forms, interpreted, presented, or made allusion to nudity. Many famous masterpieces or important art represent nude people, and sometimes even persons making love; yet, it is recognized as beautiful art by many people. What difference is there, if any, in the interpretation and importance that we humans give to nude art and pornography? So it leads to my first knowledge issue: When does art become pornography? Here is a real life example. As we all know, our school invites some nude models for art class, they expose their nude bodies to the art students. I am not sure if it is the reason why many guys take art. Do you think it is art, nasty art, performance art or pornography? Art, nudity and pornography are different, and every individual’s sense perception of what these are will also be different. The area of knowledge of art is one of the most subjective of all the areas of knowledge, which explains why persons interpret it differently. Nudity may or may not be included in the AoK of Art, but it is a part of many art pieces. Nudity is present in many forms, for example, the famous sculpture of David by Michelangelo Buonarroti. This 5. 17 meter tall statue represents the biblical King David, nude, and it is recognized by many as a masterpiece, and some even consider it a symbol of the defense of civil rights. Vitruvian Man, by Leonardo Da Vinci, is the drawing of a nude man, legs and arms stretched. Michelangelo did not limit himself to sculpting nude man, but also painted many important figures nude on the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling, such as Adam, Eve, Jesus, and others. All these art pieces, famous and important, widely recognized masterpieces include nudity. Of course, the importance and recognition of these art pieces is debatable and can be argued, but many people and important art communities consider them to be masterpieces. These art pieces illustrate both, men and women, sometimes together, other times separated, but share many things in common. All of these art pieces include nudity, and are recognized by many as important art. But then, when does art become pornography? Is it just like crossing a line, on one side its art and the closer you get to that line, it becomes less art until you cross that line and it becomes pornography? If that is the case, what if you stand on the line, would it be neither art nor pornography, or both? Every single person can interpret it as they want, but as I see it, many factors affect the decision of whether it is art or pornography. I see it as a line, on one side it is art, and on the other it is pornography, because I don’t think that an art piece can be both art and pornography at the same time for a single person. I emphasize on the fact that it is for a single person, as this is very subjective. Although this is very subjective, as mentioned before, it is also very cultural. In most of Western Europe, nudity is seen in a very different way than in the Middle East, due to cultural and historical differences. In the Middle East, for example, Muslim women must wear the burkha, while in Western Europe there are many semi-nudist or nudist beaches that anyone, regardless of age and gender, can enjoy. This, however, does not justify or imply anything else than the fact that there are higher chances for western Europeans to have higher limits and Middle Eastern people to have lower. It only means higher chances, because as mentioned before, although culture is a factor that affects where the individual puts the limit, it still is subjective, based on beliefs, ideals, past experiences, and many other factors. The Ways of Knowing apply to this judgment or decision of whether it is art or pornography in different ways for each individual. Sense perception, which includes the five senses, is the main element that allows the interpreter to perceive the art piece, whether it is through hearing, seeing, or touching. The other two senses, smelling and tasting, are not as relevant for the interpretation of the forms of art mentioned earlier. With the three senses mentioned (sight, hear and touch), a person can interpret a work of art and decide what it is, give an interpretation, a symbol, a meaning to it. Then, through emotions, the person can associate feelings and ideas to the work of art. If the person feels shocked or offended (emotions) from seeing (sense perception) a nude sculpture, he or she might decide it is pornography. Finally language is very important as it is one of the most important filters affecting the decision between art and pornography. The simple definitions of what is art and what is pornography are evidences of the implications of language. Art can be defined as â€Å"the quality, production, expression or realm, according to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary significance† in other words, something exceptional according to a set of principles (decided by a majority of people). According to this definition, the masterpieces mentioned before are still art. Pornography is more difficult to define. The first definition (from dictionary. com) describes pornography as â€Å"obscene writings, drawings, photographs especially those having little or no artistic merit†. The definition states â€Å"obscene† materials, but obscenity is very subjective and varies from person to person, just like the limit at which art becomes pornography. The second part of the definition is very interesting, and I would agree with it: materials with â€Å"little or no artistic merit† so that would mean that is not exceptional according to the set of principles previously mentioned, which again supports the idea that it’s subjective. Another definition of pornography (from The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition) states it is â€Å"sexually explicit [material] whose primary purpose is to cause sexual arousal†. This definition is more ambiguous then the first mentioned. According to this definition, two factors are needed in order for something to be pornography: it needs to be sexually explicit, and it needs to primarily cause sexual arousal. The problem with this definition is that anything containing nudity is sexually explicit, so all the masterpieces mentioned above have at least the first factor needed to be considered pornography (according to this definition). The second part of the definition is very subjective, because we cannot know what the purpose of the nude sculpture, drawing or painting was unless the author tells us. To conclude, in my personal point of view, art cannot â€Å"become† pornography, it is either born as art, or born as pornography, and this depends on each individual’s interpretation of the material in question. Not only the visual arts, but other forms of arts, especially Medias, have many influences on young people. Anyone who watches television, goes to the movies, or picks up a magazine today knows sex is prominent across all media. Discussions regarding the early sexualization of children and young people are an increasingly hot topic with celebrities and politicians alike having something to say. An analysis of use of the term sexualisation published on the Global Media Insight blogspot showed that in early 2010 use of the term ‘sexualisation’ in both mainstream and social media more than doubled (fig. 1). This is not to say that the concerns behind the idea of sexualised childhood are new ones; it does however suggest that this is a concept which is increasingly in the collective public consciousness. Although the effects of sexual content have received little attention from researchers in the 1980s, there are strong theoretical reasons to believe that media may play an especially important role in the socialization of sexual knowledge, attitudes and behavior. These were well summarized by Elizabeth Roberts (1982): â€Å"(1) the adult nature of most programming children watch; (2) children’s limited access to or experience with countervailing information or ideas; (3) the ‘realism’ with which roles, relationships, and lifestyles are portrayed; and (4) the overwhelming consistency of the messages about sexuality that are communicated† (Roberts, 1982, p. 209). Each of these points is even more pertinent in 1998 than in 1982. Children watch a great deal of adult programming, and there has been a steady increase in the frequency and explicitness of sexual content on broadcast television. Young people have access to a much wider range of video content as well as to other entertainment media than they did in the early 1980s. Movies Adolescents see movies in theaters, and the same movies are soon available on pay TV channels and video tape. Many of these movies are â€Å"R-rated. † They contain more frequent and more explicit portrayals of sexual behavior than broadcast TV – an average of 17. 5 per film in one analysis (Greenberg, Siemicki, Dorfman, Heeter, Stanley, Soderman, Linsangan, 1993). Like TV, the most frequent sexual activity shown is unmarried sexual intercourse. Sex is often in the context of profanity, alcohol and drug use, and nudity. Not only have the movies, music world confronted similar problem as well. Let’s see a real example. Modern music is becoming increasingly pornographic. It is not about being old-fashioned. It’s about keeping values that are important in the modern world. We can’t watch modern stars like Britney Spears or Lady Gaga with a two-year-old. 99 percent of the charts in RB and 99 percent of that is soft pornography. Children and young people are being forced to grow up too young. A researcher named Larson (1995) used an experience sampling technique to analyze the relationship between emotional states and the use of television and other media. He argues that adolescents experience increased emotionality and that such emotionality may be related to increased use of music because â€Å"it both speaks to adolescents’ personal issues and helps them create a separate experiential space at home music is also important to adolescents because it helps define their public self outside the family†. Private, solitary use of both music and television use by adolescents is important in providing them an opportunity to deal with the stress and emotionality of this stage of development. Young people select media which entertain them, contribute to their identity formation, help them cope with their problems and emotional mood states, and form the basis of their selection into youth subcultures. Today’s generation of youth has easier access to sexual content. From television, movies, magazines, and advertisements (billboards, print, and electronic), to music (on radio and in music videos) and the Internet, youth who are interested in nudity, sexual role models, romance and depictions of sex and intercourse, have a range of media options readily available. Media provide perhaps the least embarrassing way to get information about sex and romance.

Essays --

Taquan Evans Sister Robinson British Literature Final How Being Nice Can Get You Further Than Others Do you know two people who have the exact same job, but one person gets much more successful results solely because they are more nice and caring than the other person? I know if I was dealing with a person I would like them to be respectful and caring of my feelings depending on the situation. If they weren’t then we would more than likely be in a hostile situation. Having a respectful and courteous attitude will make you more approachable and comfortable to talk to. In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe there is a perfect example of this, with Mr. Brown and Reverend Smith. Mr. Brown won more converts than Reverend Smith because he listens to and cares for the people of the Umuofia clan. Some people in the Umuofia clan think of Mr. Brown as a psychologist. He is a person that they can go to and talk to without being criticized and ridiculed by their clan members. Through Mr. Brown’s Christian therapy, people learn about themselves. They discover ways to overcome difficulties, develop inner strengths or skills, or make changes in themselves or their situations. â€Å"Often, it feels good just to have a person to vent to, and other times it's useful to learn different techniques to help deal with stress.† -Earl Hunt, Ph.D. Already having dealt with the missionaries in Mbanta, Okonkwo is now forced to deal with them in his own village. However, Mr. Brown, their leader, is far more enlightened than the average white colonist. Although he doesn’t really understand Igbo beliefs, he is capable of respecting them, and he does not want his converts to antagonize the clan. He seems to share the clan’s value of peaceful, harmonious ... ...es to the flock. And when the chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading crown of glory. Likewise, you who are younger, be subject to the elders. Clothe yourselves, all of you, with humility toward one another, for â€Å"God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.† Mr. Brown builds a hospital and a school. He begs the villagers to send their children to school and warns them that if they do not, strangers who can read and write will come to rule them. His arguments are fairly effective, at first, people only send their lazy children. But more and more people begin to go as they realize that the ability to read and write opens up great social mobility. The DC is surrounded by Africans from Umaru; these literate Africans earn high wages and how power in Umuofia. Mr. Brown's school begins to produce results. His hospital wins praise for its treatments.

Theses Essay -- essays research papers

death of a salesman Biff the Hero? In Arthur Miller’s, dramatic play, Death of a Salesman the Loman family presents its self as being the perfect nuclear family as opposed to their dysfunctional nature. Even though Miller portrays Willy Loman as the main character of the story, his lack of praise worthy traits make it necessary for another to be the hero. This other character comes in the form of Willy’s son, Biff Loman, who may not succeed in regards to Willy’s dreams, but still deserves the honor of being called the hero of the play. Biff shows qualities describing a hero because he grows up with false ideals but later rejects them searching for his true identity. To analyze Biff Loman the most important aspect comes from his change in self-realization that represents his dynamic nature. This dynamic nature shows with his interaction in regards to other characters and with respects to underlying themes in the play. Even though many people have influenced Biff over his life, only h is family has left a significant impact on it. Their presence and importance in his life make it necessary to view the motivating aspects of his interaction with them, whether it is positive or negative. The first character that we must analyze comes in the form of the overbearing but idolized father, who sets the foundation for Biff’s beliefs and way of life. Many different aspects of this relationship can be portrayed in reference to Biff’s ultimate and final realization at the end of the play. In Biff’s youth, he accepts and adores everything that pertains to Willy because that is the nature of a small child. Even though we later realize the err in Willy’s ideology, his initial instincts to teach his son success held no faults. Willy’s hopes and goals were pure (Onger 154). On the other hand, Willy’s excessive need to promote vanity and unfulfilling popularity, sets the stage for Biff’s eventual letdown. Willy provides Biff with an ego because of the high praise given to Biff that makes him conceited. Such great praise prompts Biff’s pride of himself and his family, which leads Biff to feel contentment and fulfillment in his younger years before his dreams come to an end. But, his flaw comes in the form of hubris or arrogance that goes hand in hand with his father's belief in his own greatness. Biff so readily believes his father’s assumptions that he will not work at any ... ...With this in mind Biff forces himself to break the barriers of his fathers confining concepts and to evaluate his own life. Biff’s understanding of Willy’s inability to realize his [Willy’s] identity, proved vital to Biff’s own search for self identification. Willy further proved his inability to understand by finally committing suicide and thinking that it would bring happiness to Biff. Biff shows his dynamic nature in the rejection of false ideals and in the search for true identity. One last proof of his change shows up in a strong symbolic element of the play. When Biff stole footballs in his youth, he felt no shame or sorrow, but that does not hold true in the case of the fountain pen he stole from Oliver. "I took those balls years ago, now I walk in with his fountain pen? That clinches it, don’t you see? I can’t face him like that!" (Miller 88). By regret for his actions, Biff proves the maturity he gains, which no other c haracter can attest for. Because of such amazing development, "†¦Biff, having completed his search for self-identity in the face of the odds which had driven his father crazy, emerges as the true protagonist of this play" (Sharma 79).

Netflix case study Essay

Netflix offers online video streaming and DVD rental services for a flat fee to all subscribers. After Reed Hastings, the CEO of Netflix had announced the company’s new strategy of separating its online service and DVD rental services into two accounts for its subscribers, the company’s stock fell to $63 per share from $300 per share and lost 805,000 subscribers in three month. Although facing so many challenges, Reed Hastings choose to continue his new strategies, but with a sincerely apologize for the change and a detailed explanation of why they made this decision and what’s in it for current subscribers. Stock price of Netflix close on yesterday was 312.40. Problems and challenges Although it seems that Netflix has recovered from the separation strategy, but there still are some problems and challenges are waiting for the company. First of all, Netflix online streaming branch is facing fierce competition from companies like Amazon instant video, YouTube, iTunes store, and Hulu. Second, On-demand TV offering are now hot area, many big-pay TV operator such as Verizon and Comcast Corp are trying to bring on-demand TV to cable users which will offer fresher content than online streaming companies like Netflix. Third of all, The DVD rental branch called Qwikster are now competing with companies like Amazon and Redbox DVD rental. From what we can see in the future, DVD service may finally run out of business and how to minimize the damage to Netflix is a big problem waiting for a solution. SWOT Strength Netflix is offering a flat fee policy, which is cheaper than Amazon and iTunes users and is easier to retain current users. A very distinctive strength Netflix have is that Netflix is also a producer. In this year’s Emmy Awards, Netflix Inc’s groundbreaking political thriller House of Cards took home an award for directing. As its name shows in Emmy, Netflix may win not only an award, but many potential users. Many people may position Netflix as a company provides high quality shows than other video distributors. Weakness Although the stock price has gone up this year and everyone now thinks Reed Hastings is the one sees the future, the remaining problem is how to survive with a $7.99 monthly flat fee for subscribers and at the same time spending more than $5 billion for the next five years to purchase TV shows and Movie License. Customers always wants more and pay less. Huge amount of spending force Netflix to attract new users in a rapid speed, but attract new users itself will be another big spending. Although the original drama â€Å"house of cards† generated a big buzz for Netflix, but the cost is considerable. Opportunities New technologies bring opportunities to online streaming video companies. Netflix has mobile app for both Android and ios system and it works well. People want to access to on-demand videos more convenient by using mobile phone and tablets. The trend of globalization gives Netflix the opportunity to grow itself. The fourth quarter of 2012, Netflix gained 3 million new global subscribers. Threat Competition from Amazon, iTunes, Hulu, Google TV, and cable networks may pose threat to the company. BRAD BEALE, Director of digital video content acquisition of Amazon is known for its ability of picking up successful shows and get the license earlier than other companies. Hulu also spend a lot on bringing new contents in. Although Netflix is cheaper, Amazon offers free instant vedio to prime membership and two-day free shipping for its customers. Also, Amazon, Apple and Google now all offer their own devices for video streaming, such as Apple TV, Kindle Fire. Questions Q.1. A strong consumer backlash emerged in response to major changes in Netflix’s business model. What are some of the arguments in favor of Hasting’ decision to split the company? What decisions and options are available to Hastings? Were they good decisions? 2- 3 paragraphs Many believe DVD rental business is fading because of new technologies. People no longer want to wait for the DVD to arrive. Instead they want on-demand video services. Slip the company bring price lower for stream only customers and it is fair for them to pay for cheaper price. Put in account information is easier and benefit is longer. Hastings can choose to change the company back to the old model by listening to customers and close the DVD service a couple years later when the DVD rental industry lost all the business. I think its good decisions because the financial information shows that Reed Hastings made the good decision and wins the game. The revenue grow almost half and subscribers grow even more this year. Works Cited Laporte, N. (2013, July 1). A TALE OF TWO NETFLIX. Fast Comapny , 177, pp. 31-32. Mint. (2013, September 23). ‘Breaking Bad,’ ‘Modern Family’ win top Emmy Awards. (H. M. Ltd., Producer) Retrieved Septemner 29, 2013, from Mint: http://search.proquest.com.rlib.pace.edu/docview/1434860801?accountid=13044 Peterson, T. (2013, September 23). 2013 MEDIA MAVENS: BRAD BEALE. Advertising Age , 84 (33), p. 1. Ramachadran, S. (2013, September 20). Cable Fights to Feed ‘Binge’ TV Viewers; Comcast, Verizon FiOS Vie With Netflix, Amazon for Rights to Show Complete Series. (Dow Jones & Company Inc) Retrieved September 30, 2013, from Wall Street Journal: http://search.proquest.com.rlib.pace.edu/docview/1434160601?accountid=13044 View as multi-pages

Foresic thing

Emily Wilson Marcy Mrs. Myers Mr. Thompson -Dbl occupancy paid $9 extra. -Why would she report the crime if she did it -Defensive when asked questions -No alibi -Receipt shows she was not alone in the hotel room. -Appeared inconsolable as she straightened papers -Suspected of infidelity – Never got permission -Backpack with evidence from crime scene. -Knew the forest very well.Timeline Of Events 8:00 am Monday May 14 -Police respond to a report of missing person at Middle State University -First nterview was with Marcy by officer Stansky -According to Marcy, Professor Klein left for a field trip located near Jacob Falls around 5:15 last Friday night. -Dr. Myers was a secretive and competitive man -Warm weather, heavy decomposition 8:30 Tuesday 15 – Mrs. Myers said that her husband lives in a motel out in Jacob Falls -He had an office out in the community college -Last time she talked to him was around the time he called to tuck the kids in around 8:30. 0:05 Tuesday May 15 -Dr. Myers has research assistance Always Jealous of professor Klein -Emily said that she was at a young archaeologists conference all weekend and also had a receipt. -Emily said she wasn't expecting him until next week when asked why she didn't report him missing. -Late Thursday evening professor Klein's body was found lying supine along the banks of the creek. 5:45 Friday May 18 -No shoe / footprints -No physical wound due to maggot activity -Heavvy downpour and flooding occurred Saturday and light rain on Tuesday night.Heavvy maggot activity on and around professor Klein's body, both feeding and migrating. -Place look ransacked. Going over the details I believe that Emily Wilson was the murderer ot botn protessor Klein and Dr. Myers. Professor Klein might have died Tuesday may 15. Emily and Dr. Myers kidnapped Professor Klein because they were both Jealous and Emily decided that she was going to kill professor Klein on the low but then Dr. Myers saw her do it so then Emily had to kill dr. Myers too.

Linux Hw

What kind of server repond to recursive queries ? how does this server work ? A DNS servers that is setup with to preform recursive queries or an SQL server What kind of dns record is likely to be returned when a web browser tries to resolve the domain part uri? An A (address) record points to a domain. What are mx resource records for? identifies the email servers for a domain How would you find the ip address of example. com from the command line? $ hostname example. com or $ dig example. comHow would you instruct a linux system to use the local network? Dns cache located at 192. 168. 1. 254 or the isp’s Dns cache ,located at 1. 2. 3. 4, if lan nameserver is unavailable ? Tree files to check on. etc man host. conf will tell you about the order option etc Is for static dns resolve etc the file for all your dns needs then edit: /etc/resolv. conf add the following: nameserver 192. 168. 1. 254 nameserver 1. 2. 3. 4 How would you instruct a Dns server response only to queries fro m the 137. 4*ip range Add the following line to the Options section in /etc/named. conf: allow-query { 137. 44. 0. 0/24 }; How might a resolver attempt to find the ipaddress of the example domain A resolver will append several different domains to an unqualified Domain Name producing FQDNS that passes them one at a time. How would you set up a private domain name hierarchy that does not include any of the official interNIC assigned domain names ? Set up a DNS cache that defines the zone . (period) clause explicitly, rather than relying on the hint file.

Course is called Public Speaking. The topic is Wearing seatbelts in a Essay

Course is called Public Speaking. The topic is Wearing seatbelts in a car. Safety - Essay Example One in seven car occupants wear seat belts while in a car this translates to only 14.28 per cent of occupants. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, automobile accidents are the single leading cause of deaths of people aged between 5 to 34 years in the USA. In the year 2009, 33000 people died from automobile accidents and 2.2 million others were injured as a result (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Wearing a seat belt prevents passengers and drivers from being thrown out of the vehicle on impact during an accident. Furthermore, it prevents fatal injuries to the occupants of the car. Even though a car is equipped with airbags these alone cannot protect occupants of the car, seat belts are required to prevent serious injury. Lack of wearing seat belts while in a car can lead to serious injuries and worst of all death. I therefore pose this question to you, are you in the 14.28 per cent category that buckles their seat belts? To prevent the deaths caused by not wearing seat belts there needs to be strict enforcement of seat belt laws by law enforcement. Most states have seat belt laws; which fall in the category of either primary or secondary, with only 19 states with no such legislation. Primary laws stipulate that a police officer should pull over a driver and issue a ticket because he or other occupants of the car are not wearing their seat belts. On the other hand, secondary laws have it that police officers can issue a ticket for seat belt violations only if the driver of the car had been pulled over for other traffic offences. Furthermore, fines to be paid need to be increased so as to deter any traffic offenders from repeated offences (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Enforcement of these laws is the key to preventing the deaths of car occupants involved in accidents. Seat belts prevent injury in numerous ways. They restrain the strongest

Service Encounter Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Service Encounter Journal - Essay Example Therefore, the objective of the report is to analyse the service encountered while availing the services of four different organisations namely, Emirates Airlines, Commonwealth Bank, Wrest Point Tasmania and Eagle Boys Pizza. Thus, to enhance the measurement of the service encounters, two service marketing theories namely, level of customer service and the flower of service model will be used (Lovelock, Wirtz, & Chatterjee, 2010). Lastly, the dissatisfactory services encountered from the two organisations will be discussed and recommendations for improving them will be made. Most Satisfactory Encounter The Flower of Service According to Lovelock, Wirtz, & Chatterjee (2010), services can be of two types; facilitating supplementary services and enhancing supplementary services. Facilitating services are essential in the distribution of the service or to provide an aid to the core product. Whereas, augmenting additional services add value for the consumers. He further classified the ser vices; facilitating services included order taking, information, billing and payment and enhancing services included hospitality, exceptions, consultation and safekeeping. These classified services are illustrated through a flower diagram where the centre of the flower is the core product or service surrounded by the petals that included the different services. Thus, the name flower of service emerged through the diagram (Scribd Inc, 2012). The Flower of Service Source: (Scribd Inc, 2012). Theoretical Application in Satisfactory Level: Emirates Airlines Facilitating supplementary services are related to the services provided by the Emirates Airlines with regard to information concerning the timetable of the aircraft, availability and rate of the tickets, and company’s promotional activities among others. The company ensures that customers conveniently can access informations that matters them most. Furthermore, the company uses modern techniques to provide information to the customers, such as information through SMSs and emails. Billing and payment information are generated smoothly and quickly through electronic receipts. Emirates Airlines has facilitated customers by providing the option of debiting the account through online technologies. Enhancing services provided by the company ensures that the hospitality is provided to the optimum level by their onboard staff. With the new Boeing A380, customers are provided with private suites, shower spas and in-flight Wi-Fi among others. They make the customers feel that they are present in their own home. It has further made representatives available either physically or over the phone through 24 hours’ help-line centres where the best available opportunities or benefits to the customers are consulted. Safekeeping has also been given priority by Emirates, which ensures that children are provided with goodie bags and cartoon games for hyper active children, which will engage them for long hours, thus, reducing the tensions felt by parents while travelling with younger children (Emirates, 2012). Theoretical Application in Satisfactory Level: Commonwealth Bank The Commonwealth Bank is regarded as the foremost financial institution in Australia. Its developed services have enabled them to understand customers’ core values and respond to any requests quickly and politely (Commonwealth Bank of

The scholarships solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The scholarships solution - Essay Example rights advocates have made unsuccessful efforts to ensure that victims of historical injustices are provided with compensation as a means to show justice and fairness. Their failure has been attributed to the fact that some of these injustices were committed by past governments and the current society finds it quite challenging to carry these burdens. On the other hand, lack of compensation has been attributed to inadequate financial resources as well as biasness in relation to allocation of resources among the affected persons (Torpey, 2003). This document presents a proposed plan that will specifically focus on reparation of the descendants of the Tulsa 1921 Race Riot that occurred in Greenwood. Evidently, the survivors of this riot have not received any form of compensation or justice despite their efforts over the last six decades (america.aljazeera.com). In this regard, the proposal shall offer a framework by, which the descendants of this social menace can be provided with scholarships as a means to compensate their fallen and surviving relatives. It is important to acknowledge that this proposal is not a government or non-government initiative, but rather an institutional initiative that will support 10 students, who have been identified as the descendants of the Tulsa 1921 Race Riots and are in need of financial support to complete their degrees at the University level. The major objective of this reparation plan is to provide support to the descendants of the Tulsa 1921 race riot n terms of scholarship for their university degrees. The scholarship program is expected to cover ten students, who have been identified and confirmed as direct descendants of the riots. There are some survivors of the riot that are still alive and they have been contacted regarding this issue; they have appreciated this efforts and are willing to provide any form of advice in case it will be needed. This will be an appropriate way to address the injustices that were faced by

Jitmrpcaliach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jitmrpcaliach - Essay Example The two men recognized the middle role that inventory plays in manufacture. The Toyota manufacture System, as Ohno and Shingo termed the JIT system, also built-in elements of cellular developed and excellence organization (Waters-Fuller, 1995). This research focused on this truth that whilst Ohno and Shingo are accredited with raising the total JIT systems, a figure of their philosophies traces as far rear as the late 18th century. Eli Whitney, better known as the inventor of the cotton gin, developed and perfected the idea of interchangeable parts. Henry Ford afterward streamlined this idea and urbanized a whole manufacturing strategy by means of the meeting line. It was Ford's process, practical to Allied war manufacture in World War II that in the end attracted Japanese manufacturers, particularly Toyota (Sakakibara et al., 1997). Department of Homeland Security defines Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) as "wireless systems that allow a machine to read in order contained in a wireless machine or "tag" - from coldness without making a bodily get in touch with or requiring a row of sight between the two. RFID provides a method to broadcast and receive information from one point to one more." RFID is an automatic identification technique relying on storing and distantly retrieving data by means of plans called RFID tags or transponders. Historically, the RFID knowledge was approximately in 1920s; however, the primary known machine was imaginary in 1945 and was supposed to be used as an spying tool; however, this tool was now a listening machine and not an ID tag. The real RFID system was urbanized approximately 1960s. RFID System The RFID System includes the tags, transponders, transceivers and request to retrieved and read information from tags to transponders and request software. Additionally, the person part must be accomplished and taught for the -request. RFID Tags If we analyzed then we come to know that the RFID ticket is a small thing that can be attached to or included into a creation, animal, or being. There are three types of tags: inert, semi-passive and lively. The inert tag uses no interior power. This tag is motorized when radio frequency sign sends the electrical present to the interior circuit of the tag to broadcast a response and holds an identification figure only. Due to the be short of of onboard authority, the passive tag can be fairly small. The dimension can be as skinny as a paper and little as the tip of a person finger. RFID Tag Reader This research focused on this truth that in arrange for the RFID system to purpose, it needs a booklover or a scanner machine that is competent of reading the tags and converse the results to folder device. Each reader uses an aerial to broadcast radio influence to all tags chosen to respond to frequency inside that variety. A reader has a ability to communicate by means of the tags without a straight line of view, dependant on radio frequency and kind of tag used. The tag readers are able to take delivery of from manifold tags at once allowing for greater than before dispensation times. The readers variety in a variety of shapes, sizes, moveable and