Margaret Sanger and the Fight for Birth Control Essay -- Contraceptives

Margaret's quest began long before she was known by the public. It started when she was just a young girl. As with most children, her parents were a large influence on her life, but in a way different than perhaps many others. Margaret's father provided her with all the mental tools she would need to succeed. A free thinker and outspoken radical, her father, Michael Higgins, influenced his young daughter to act the same way; to question everything and to stand up for what she believed in. Though Margaret loved her mother, she conceded that definetly her father was the major influence in her early life. Her mother however also had a large influence, yet not in quite the same way. Anna Sanger bore ten children other than Margaret, causing her to be both constantly pregnant and constantly sick, leaving little time for her children. Thus Margaret and her siblings were constantly forced to care for themselves. Anna died at an early age to TB which Margaret attributed to her multiple pregn ancies. It was then that she decided to become a nurse and start helping pregnant women. Working as a nurse in the ghettos of New York, Sanger became all too familiar with some horrible sights. She saw many women die of very preventable deaths due to child labor, and horrible methods of self-induced abortion. After seeing one woman die from a horrific attempt to give herself an abortion Sanger had decided that she had seen enough. It was too late for her to help these women when they came to her as a nurse. She felt she must attack the source of the problem, birth control. She stated, "I went to bed, knowing that no matter what it might cost, I was finished with palliatives and superficial cures; I was resolved to seek out the root of evil, to do s... ...re apt to accept the concept of birth control, if not completely embracing the idea. Her actions challenged the traditional way of thought and introduced concepts that shifted the course of American society. Works Cited 1. Coigney, Virginia. Margaret Sanger New York: Doubleday, 1969. 2. Gray, Madeline. Margaret Sanger: A Biography Of The Champion of Birth Control. New York: Richard Marek Publishers, 1979. 3. Kennedy, David. Birth Control in America : The Career of Margaret Sanger Boston: Yale Universtiy Press, 1970. 4. Marshall, John M.D. Catholics, Marriage and Contraceptions New York: Heligon Press 1965. 5. Parrish, Michael. Anxious Decades. W. W. Norton: New York, 1992. 6. Sanger, Margaret. Margaret Sanger, An Auto-Biography New York: Dover Publications, 1971. 7. Sanger, Margaret. My Fight For Birth Control. Farrar & RineHart: New York, 1931.

Post Cold War

Explain why the ending of the Cold War was not followed by a period of world peace and stability. ____________________________________________________________ ___________ The ending of the cold war did not leave any sign of hope for the world to live in peace and prosperity. Until this second, there are hundreds of men, women and children being killed, injured, raped and executed for various reasons, some which may be legit while others are war related objectives. The world, not sure if this is the right word for it now, has gone and still is through some very tremendous events in the last 17 years or so, starting off with the gulf war which shocked the world in one night, Kosovo war, Al-Aqsa Intifada, war in Afghanistan, war on terror and Iraq, the list can go on and on, some which remain in the books of history and some which are still written about in history books today as that they are ongoing conflicts and example would be the war on terror. To make this whole concept I just talked about more clearly, I will try to explain the reasons to why the ending of the Cold War was not followed by a period of world peace and stability, by talking about the gulf war and how one night changed the lives and situations of many nations, mainly Israel and Palestine and how the PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) played a major role in this war, leading to the Palestinian Intifada and the current events that are happening right now. The Gulf war was simply a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 35 nations authorized by the United Nations (UN) and led primarily by the United States in order to liberate Kuwait. [1] The Gulf War had two major impacts. First, the war was a catalyst for regional changes that started several years before the eruption of the crisis itself. The polarization of the Arab world was intensified by the invasion of an Arab state by another. Second, the war demonstrated which political terms existed in the Middle East at the time of the Iraqi invasion. On a rhetorical level, Saddam Hussein established a link between the Persian Gulf crisis and the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, thus demonstrating the destabilizing effect of the unresolved Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Iraqi leader compared the Iraqi invasion with the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and demanded Israeli withdrawal before even considering a pullback from Kuwait. [2] During the Gulf War, the Israeli public took a step to the right, legitimizing the sanctions the Likud-government posed on the Palestinians. The sanctions were a result of two circumstances: the failing of the Palestinians – especially the PLO and the moderate political leaders in the West Bank – to condemn the Iraqi invasion; and the images of Palestinians cheering the Iraqi Scuds raining down on Tel Aviv. [3] Israel closed the borders between ‘Israel-proper' and the occupied territories, preventing Palestinian workers from attending their jobs in Israel. Despite an increase of nearly half a million in the Israeli population due to immigration from Russia between 1989 and 1991, the Israeli policy resulted in a reduction in the GDP and a deterioration of the economic situation activity (ibid. )[4]. For the Palestinians, an already difficult economic situation got worse. This resulted in a boomerang-effect for Israel, intensifying the level of conflict with the Palestinians With the outbreak of the intifada, the core of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict moved inside the occupied territories, and the Green-line was re-drawn. The broad mobilization of nearly all layers of the Palestinian society in the earliest stages of the uprising strengthened the national unity. This kind of communal uprising turned out to be more difficult for Israel to fight than the PLO-launched guerilla-attacks from Arab territory during the 1970's (Hunter 1991). Despite the optimism[5], the standard of living continued to deteriorate because of the mass-arrests, arbitrary detention and curfews carried out by the Israeli security forces (IDF and the border police). While many would agree that the mentioned above can be directly linked to the events that are going right now in Palestine and that have went on for the last couple of years, many would disagree, but if you want to look at it from a historical angle, it has a lot to do with the Gulf War. The end of the Cold War is a main point of reference in this analysis. However, important changes affecting the political situation in the Middle East started years before the Berlin-Wall was torn down, and the Soviet Empire crumbled. Therefore one might ask if the ‘window of opportunity' would have ‘opened' if the Cold War had continued. Would the locally initiated structural changes by themselves created a momentum for peace? My answer is that the combined effects of changes at the extra-regional level (the end of the Cold War), the regional level (the Gulf War), and the local level (the intfada) in sum ‘opened' the window and let groups in the Israeli and Palestinian leaderships willing and ready to negotiate peace inside. Ultimately, Israel was successful in containing the uprising. The Palestinians' force was inferior in relation to the well equipped and trained Israeli Defense Forces. However, the Intifada pinpointed numerous problems with the IDF's conduct in the operative and tactical fields, as well as the general problem of Israel's prolonged control of the West Bank and Gaza strip. These problems were noticed and widely criticized, both in international forums (in particular, when humanitarian questions were at stake), but also in Israeli public opinion, in which the Intifada had caused a split. 6] Bibliography 1. Abadi, Jacob (1994): â€Å"The Gulf War and Its Implications for Israel†. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 17, No. 3 (55-78). 2. Freedman, Robert. The middle East after Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait, University Press of Florida, 1993 (213-215) 3. Walsh, Ben. Modern world history, John Murray, London, 2001 4. Choueiri, Youssef M. (1997): Islamic fundamentalism -rev. ed. London : Pinter 5. Kuper, Adam and Jessica Ku per (eds. ) (1996): The Social Science Encyclopedia (Second edition). London and New York: Routledge. 6. Keddie, Nikki R. (1992): â€Å"The end of the Cold War and the Middle East†. In Hogan (ed. ) The End of the Cold War. Its meaning and implications (151-161). 7. Clarke, Richard. Against all enemies: Inside America’s war on terror, Free Press, 2004 (62-64) 8. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1999, Knopf, 1999. p. 612 ———————– [1] The reported number of countries participating in the Coalition varies according to source. These variations may be in part be due to uncertainty over what level of participation constitutes being a Coalition member, and vagueness over the organization timeline of the Coalition. Examples of count variations include: an Arab anti-Gulf War essay – 31; CNN – 34; an Arab media site – 36; the Heritage Foundation (a US conservative think tank citing a 1991 Department of Defense report) – 38; US Institute of Medicine report on Gulf War Veterans' Health – 39. The number of Coalition members has been reported to be as low as 19 at the beginning of the air campaign. 2] Freedman, Robert. The middle East after Iraq’s Invasion of Kuwait, University Press of Florida, 1993 [3] Even the Peace Now-organization and well known peace-activists like Amoz Oz and Yael Dayan supported the sanctions the Likud-government posed on the Palestinians [4] Kuper, Adam and Jessica Kuper (eds. ) (1996): The Social Science Encyclopedia (Second edition). London and Ne w York: Routledge. [5] Choueiri, Youssef M. (1997): Islamic fundamentalism -rev. ed. London : Pinter [6] Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1999, Knopf, 1999. p. 612

Research Methods Essay

In case where I am taking part in a community mentoring program and have been assigned to help a local high school student who is experiencing difficulty in writing research papers, I am most likely to discuss the research methods that I utilized and why they worked best for me. First of all is experimental method. I will explain to the student that experimental research is a method of research wherein it aims to test a hypothesis in controlled circumstances, which means, â€Å"that all the causes/independent variables are controlled separately from a test variable to investigate the effect on a dependent variable† (Oulu.. 2000). I will also inform the student that the simplest model of laboratory experimentation is where two independent variables are contrasted (Oulu.. , 2000). I will provide examples for the student to understand it better, for instance, subjects are exposed to two different sound stimuli such as tones of different frequencies, to compare the effects on the dependent variable, which in this case is, heart rate (Oulu.. , 2000). It works best for me because the experimental method as a way to research because laboratory experimentation has been used to take a more in-depth look at human and animal behaviors basically because the effects of confounding variables including the influence of observation are controlled (Oulu.. , 2000). Another method of research that I will reintroduce to the student is the one which is technically referred to as â€Å"qualitative research† wherein its findings are not deduced by statistical or any other quantitative procedures (Bureau.. , n. d. ). I prefer this and it works best for me as well because it entails â€Å"detailed verbal descriptions of characteristics, cases, and settings or data deduced from observation, interviews, and document review† (Bureau.. , n. d. ). I will also inform the student about the objectives of the aforementioned method of research including the fact that it aims to: a) develop hypothesis or theory; b) understand behavior in a natural setting; c) study phenomena in their entirety rather than concentrating on narrow aspects of the phenomena referred to as independent or dependent variables (Ipsos, 2007).

About the U.S. Census Bureau

About the U.S. Census Bureau There are a lot of people in the United States, and its not easy keeping track of them all. But one agency tries to do just that: the U.S. Census Bureau. Conducting the Decennial CensusEvery 10 years, as required by the U.S. Constitution, the Census Bureau conducts a head count of all the people in the U.S. and asks them questions to help learn more about the country as a whole: who we are, where we live, what we earn, how many of us are married or single, and how many of us have children, among other topics. The data collected isnt trivial, either. It is used to apportion seats in Congress, distribute federal aid, define legislative districts and help federal, state and local governments plan for growth. A Massive and Costly TaskThe next national census in the United States will be in 2010, and it wont be an insignificant undertaking. It is expected to cost more than $11 billion, and around 1 million part-time employees will be enlisted. In a bid to increase data collection efficiency and processing, the 2010 census will be the first to use hand-held computing devices with GPS capability. Formal planning for the 2010 survey, including trial runs in California and North Carolina, begins two years before the survey. History of the CensusThe first U.S. census was taken in Virginia in the early 1600s, when America was still a British colony. Once independence was established, a new census was needed to determine who, exactly, comprised the nation; that occurred in 1790, under then-Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. As the nation grew and evolved, the census became more sophisticated. To help plan for growth, to assist with tax collection, to learn about crime and its roots and to learn more information about peoples lives, the census began asking more questions of people. The Census Bureau was made a permanent institution in 1902 by an act of Congress. Composition and Duties of the Census BureauWith about 12,000 permanent employees-and, for the 2000 Census, a temporary force of 860,000-the Census Bureau is headquartered in Suitland, Md. It has 12 regional offices in Atlanta, Boston, Charlotte, N.C., Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Kansas City, Kan., Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Seattle. The bureau also operates a processing center in Jeffersonville, Ind., as well as call centers in Hagerstown, Md., and Tucson, Ariz., and a computer facility in Bowie, Md. The Bureau falls under the auspices of the Department of Commerce and is headed by a director who is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The Census Bureau doesnt operate strictly for the benefit of the federal government, however. All of its findings are available to and for use by the public, academia, policy analysts, local and state governments and business and industry. Though the Census Bureau may ask questions that seem exceedingly personal-about household income, for example, or the nature of ones relationships to others in a household-the information collected is kept confidential by federal law and is used simply for statistical purposes. In addition to taking a complete census of the U.S. population every 10 years, the Census Bureau conducts several other surveys periodically. They vary by geographic region, economic strata, industry, housing and other factors. Some of the many entities that use this information include the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Social Security Administration, the National Center for Health Statistics and the National Center for Education Statistics. The next federal census taker, called an enumerator, likely wont come knocking on your door until 2010, but when he or she does, remember that they are doing more than just counting heads. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer who also works as a copy editor for the Camden Courier-Post. She formerly worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer, where she wrote about books, religion, sports, music, films and restaurants.

What Happens To The Human Body In A Vacuum

What Happens To The Human Body In A Vacuum As humans get closer to the time when astronauts and explorers will be living and working in space  for long periods of time, a lot of questions arise about what it will be like for those who make their careers out there. There is a great deal of data based on long-duration flights by such astronauts as Mark Kelly and Peggy Whitman, but the life sciences experts at most space agencies need a lot more data to understand what will happen to future travelers.  They already know that the long-term inhabitants aboard the  International Space Station  have experienced some major and puzzling changes to their bodies, some of which last long after they are back on Earth. Mission planners  are using their experiences to help plan missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. Crew members on the International Space Station work with such technology as 3-D printers to understand how these and other technology can be used in space. This is a printer inside the Microgravity Science Glovebox aboard the station. NASA However, despite this priceless data from actual experiences, people also get a lot of non-valuable data from Hollywood movies about what its like to live in space. In those cases, drama usually trumps scientific accuracy. In particular, the movies are big on gore, especially when it comes to depicting the experience of being exposed to vacuum. Unfortunately, those movies and TV shows (and video games) give the wrong impression about what its like to be in space.   Vacuum in the Movies In the 1981 movie Outland, starring Sean Connery, there is a scene where a construction worker in space gets a hole in his suit. As the air leaks out, the internal pressure drops and his body is exposed to a vacuum, we watch in horror through his faceplate as he swells up and explodes. Could that really happen, or was that dramatic license? A somewhat similar scene occurs in the 1990 Arnold Schwarzenegger movie, Total Recall. In that movie, Schwarzenegger leaves the pressure of the habitat of a Mars colony and begins to blow up like a balloon in the much lower pressure of the Mars atmosphere, not quite a vacuum. He is saved by the creation of an entirely new atmosphere by an ancient alien machine. Again, could that happen, or was dramatic license at play? Those scenes bring up an entirely understandable question: What happens to the human body in a vacuum? The answer is simple: it wont blow up. The blood wont boil, either. However, it will be a quick way to die if an astronauts spacesuit is damaged.   What Really Happens in a Vacuum There are a number of things about being in space, in a vacuum, that can cause harm to the human body. The unfortunate space traveler wouldnt be able to hold their breath for long (if at all), because it would cause lung damage. The person would probably remain conscious for several seconds until the blood without oxygen reaches the brain. Then, all bets are off.   The vacuum of space is also pretty darn cold, but the human body doesnt lose heat that fast, so a hapless astronaut would have a little time before freezing to death. Its possible that they would have some problems with their eardrums, including a rupture, but maybe not.   Being marooned in space exposes the astronaut to high radiation and the chances for a really bad sunburn. Their body might actually swell some, but not to the proportions so dramatically shown in Arnold Schwarzeneggers movie, Total Recall. The bends are also possible, just like what happens to a diver who surfaces too quickly from a deep underwater dive. That condition is also known as decompression sickness and happens when dissolved gases in the bloodstream create bubbles as the person decompresses. The condition can be fatal and is taken seriously by divers, high-altitude pilots, and astronauts.   Astronauts train extensively underwater on Earth, wearing pressure suits, to simulate working in space. NASA/Johnson Space Center.   While normal blood pressure will keep a persons blood from boiling, the saliva in their mouth could very well begin to do so. Theres actually evidence for that happening from an astronaut who experienced it. In 1965, while performing tests at the  Johnson Space Center, a subject was accidentally exposed to a near vacuum (less than one psi) when his space suit leaked while in a vacuum chamber. He did not pass out for about fourteen seconds, by which time unoxygenated blood had reached his brain. Technicians began to repressurize the chamber within fifteen seconds and he regained consciousness at around the equivalent of 15,000 feet of altitude. He later said that his last conscious memory was of the water on his tongue beginning to boil. So, theres at least one data point about what its like to be in a vacuum. It wont be pleasant, but it wont be like the movies, either. There have actually been cases of parts of astronauts bodies being exposed to vacuum when suits were damaged. They survived due to quick action and safety protocols. The good news from all those experiences is that the human body is amazingly resilient. The worst problem would be lack of oxygen, not lack of pressure in the vacuum. If returned to a normal atmosphere fairly quickly, a person would survive with few if any irreversible injuries after an accidental exposure to vacuum. More recently, astronauts on the International Space Station found an air leak from a hole made by a technician on the ground in Russia. They were in no danger of losing their air right away, but they had to go to some effort to get it plugged safely and permanently. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Finance (Corporate) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance (Corporate) - Essay Example This meant to give each proposal a chance to convince the capital budgeting committee for approval. The initial project concerned expanding an existing Match My Doll Clothing line, which had a demonstrated record of accomplishment in the earlier period. The subsequent project initiated a fresh initiative referred to as New Doll Film/DVD, which applied an online software permitting users to tailor a doll’s characteristic to the customers’ specifications. This required calculation of the Net Present Value (NPV) of both ventures to discover which project is more lucrative. Simulation Process Finance Simulation process involve accessing simulation platform. Click prepare tab to access simulation summary, which gives New Heritage Doll Company assignment summary and how to play tab for procedure. Simulation process involves comparison of the following parameters between chosen projects. Theses include NPV, payback period, IRR, profitability index and project milestones and ri sks.    Compare revenue by division, operation profit by division and total assets by division. Compare I/S and B/S in regards to Company consolidated, production consolidated, retail consolidated and licensing consolidated. Further, compare cashflow statement, financial analysis, project details and financial history. Balance sheet Finally decided on the projects to propose as Match My Doll Clothing and New Doll Film/DVD According to projects details they compare as follows. Project comparison The following discussion leads to project chosen for each year and reasons. The market is always divided into two major segments: video games and traditional toys and games. The second segment was additionally divided into child/preschool toys, sports toys and dolls outdoor, and other toys and games involve arts and crafts, action figures, plush toys, vehicles, and youth electronics gargets. The America market for games and toys was dominated by large international enterprises that benefit from economies of balance in production, design, and distribution. Revenues were exceedingly seasonal; the largest selling period in the United States during winter holiday period (Project Analysis Services, 2011, Pg 1-2). The observable fact of age compression; the propensity of younger kids to obtain dolls that had conventionally been intended for older ones, reduced growth in the baby doll segment hence hindering profitability. Competition is always a risk factor and a constraint in any business. New Heritage Doll Company is not exempted; other doll producers are vigorous and they targeted similar demographics and marketing media is similar. Lasting branded name for a doll is rare to come up with. Financial committee also reluctant to finance projects due to licensing proposals and conflict of interest, which posses a risk in regard to profiting (Studymode, 2009, Pg 1-2). Net Present Value is considered through measuring of the following parameters. Operating projections applied to build up cash flow forecasts and then to work out    Net Present Value, payback period, Internal Rates of Return and other investment metrics. The cash flows debarred all financing charges and non-cash objects such as depreciation, and were computed on an after-corporate-tax base. The New Heritage’s company tax rate stated as 40%. Discount rate stated to have been set at 8.4% - for mild-risk scheme. NPV calculations incorporated a terminal

One of today's most significant social changes Essay

One of today's most significant social changes - Essay Example The effects of globalization are that it is reducing distances and minimizing times, and creating a feeling that we are now living in a ‘global village’. It is a very significant issue to discuss because it affects every person and nation. It is breaking down various barriers and making things possible that were not possible before such as knowing about what is happening in another part of the world and communicating with others across the globe. This is enabling greater interaction to take place on a global level whether it is for business, social or other purposes. However, it also means that certain political, economic and cultural entities are wielding their influence around the world to the detriment of the less powerful. This is posing problems such as various social inequalities and global divides. Globalization is being facilitated by the Internet and other information and communication networks, operations of international organizations and multinational corporations, international trade, migration etc. It is an inevitable process because technology especially has to advance for society to progress. What is needed therefore is a plan of action that could help to guide this process so that desirable conditions are created in which the world can positively benefit from globalization. One area of focus could be education in which we teach people to have a greater understanding of other nations, cultures, languages, societies, religions, etc. Our education systems need to help create â€Å"global citizens that have a keen awareness of the political, economic, social, and environmental concerns of out time† (globalization101.org, 2010). If it were possible to seek help from the Buddha, he could guide mankind towards a harmonious age in which people are considerate and understanding of each other. After all, his teachings are focused on eradicating suffering and promoting unity. Globalization allows us to transcend barriers to